Problem SolvingStudies of different types of problems and techniques for solving themhttps://evidence.thinkportal.org/handle/123456789/256942024-03-28T15:51:08Z2024-03-28T15:51:08ZHuman-Machine Cooperation in Large-Scale Multimedia Retrieval: A Surveyhttps://evidence.thinkportal.org/handle/123456789/256882015-07-24T15:31:09ZHuman-Machine Cooperation in Large-Scale Multimedia Retrieval: A Survey
Large-Scale Multimedia Retrieval(LSMR) is the task to fast analyze a large amount of multimedia data like images or videos and accurately find the ones relevant to a certain semantic meaning. Although LSMR has been investigated for more than two decades in the fields of multimedia processing and computer vision, a more interdisciplinary approach is necessary to develop an LSMR system that is really meaningful for humans. To this end, this paper aims to stimulate attention to the LSMR problem from diverse research fields. By explaining basic terminologies in LSMR, we first survey several representative methods in chronological order. This reveals that due to prioritizing the generality and scalability for large-scale data, recent methods interpret semantic meanings with a completely different mechanism from humans, though such humanlike mechanisms were used in classical heuristic-based methods. Based on this, we discuss human-machine cooperation, which incorporates knowledge about human interpretation into LSMR without sacrificing the generality and scalability. In particular, we present three approaches to human-machine cooperation (cognitive, ontological, and adaptive), which are attributed to cognitive science, ontology engineering, and metacognition, respectively. We hope that this paper will create a bridge to enable researchers in different fields to communicate about the LSMR problem and lead to a ground-breaking next generation of LSMR systems.
Conceptual Transformation and Cognitive Processes in Origami Paper Foldinghttps://evidence.thinkportal.org/handle/123456789/256862015-07-24T15:31:09ZConceptual Transformation and Cognitive Processes in Origami Paper Folding
Research on problem solving typically does not address tasks that involve following detailed and/or illustrated step-by-step instructions. Such tasks are not seen as cognitively challenging problems to be solved. In this paper, we challenge this assumption by analyzing verbal protocols collected during an Origami folding task. Participants verbalised thoughts well beyond reading or reformulating task instructions, or commenting on actions. In particular, they compared the task status to pictures in the instruction, evaluated the progress so far, referred to previous experience, expressed problems and confusions, and—crucially—added complex thoughts and ideas about the current instructional step. The last two categories highlight the fact that participants conceptualised this spatial task as a problem to be solved, and used creativity to achieve this aim. Procedurally, the verbalisations reflect a typical order of steps: reading—reformulating—reconceptualising—evaluating. During reconceptualisation, the creative range of spatial concepts represented in language highlights the complex mental operations involved when transferring the two-dimensional representation into the real world. We discuss the implications of our findings in terms of problem solving as a multilayered process involving diverse types of cognitive effort, consider parallels to known conceptual challenges involved in interpreting spatial descriptions, and reflect on the benefit of reconceptualisation for cognitive processes.
Fast and Efficient Discrimination of Traveling Salesperson Problem Stimulus Difficulty.https://evidence.thinkportal.org/handle/123456789/256842015-07-24T15:31:09ZFast and Efficient Discrimination of Traveling Salesperson Problem Stimulus Difficulty.
The Travelling Salesperson Problem (TSP) is a computationally difficult combinatorial optimization problem. In spite of its relative difficulty human solvers are able to generate close-to-optimal solutions in a close-to-linear time frame, and it has been suggested that this is due to the visual system’s inherent sensitivity to certain geometric properties of TSP stimuli. In the current study we employed a novel experimental paradigm in which we presented participants with sets of four TSP stimuli that varied in terms of their relative solution difficulty and asked them to indicate which of the four stimuli they would prefer to solve. The results indicated that the participants’ choice frequencies followed the same ordering as the stimuli’s empirical solution difficulty; i.e., easy-to-solve stimuli were chosen with a higher frequency than hard-to-solve stimuli. It is suggested that these results provide further evidence of the speed and efficiency of human processing of TSPs, and provide further evidence implicating the role of rapid visuo-perceptual organization in generating TSP solutions. An analysis of the geometric properties of the stimuli uncovered a number of factors that may have influenced the choice preferences of participants in the current experiment, and the performance quality of participants in previous experiments.
Differential Modulation of Performance in Insight and Divergent Thinking Tasks with tDCShttps://evidence.thinkportal.org/handle/123456789/256872015-07-31T08:50:13ZDifferential Modulation of Performance in Insight and Divergent Thinking Tasks with tDCS
While both insight and divergent thinking tasks are used to study creativity, there are reasons to believe that the two may call upon very different mechanisms. To explore this hypothesis, we administered a verbal insight task (riddles) and a divergent thinking task (verbal fluency) to 16 native English speakers and 16 non-native English speakers after they underwent Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) of the left middle temporal gyrus and right temporo- parietal junction. We found that, in the case of the insight task the depolarization of right temporo-parietal junction and hyperpolarization of left middle temporal gyrus resulted in increased performance, relative to both the control condition and the reverse stimulation condition in both groups (non-native > native speakers). However, in the case of the divergent thinking task, the same pattern of stimulation resulted in a decrease in performance, compared to the reverse stimulation condition, in the non-native speakers. We explain this dissociation in terms of differing task demands of divergent thinking and insight tasks and speculate that the greater sensitivity of non-native speakers to tDCS stimulation may be a function of less entrenched neural networks for non-native languages.