Recommended Resources
https://evidence.thinkportal.org/handle/123456789/25594
A selection of resources that have been recommended by the Thinking Skills Community2024-03-29T08:53:10ZThe nature of intellectual styles
https://evidence.thinkportal.org/handle/123456789/31562
The nature of intellectual styles
Zhang, L; Sternberg, R J
2006-01-01T00:00:00ZOn the Relative Independence of Thinking Biases and Cognitive Ability
https://evidence.thinkportal.org/handle/123456789/31561
On the Relative Independence of Thinking Biases and Cognitive Ability
Stanovich, K E; West, R F
In 7 different studies, the authors observed that a large number of thinking biases are uncorrelated with cognitive ability. These thinking biases include some of the most classic and well-studied biases in the heuristics and biases literature, including the conjunction effect, framing effects, anchoring effects, outcome bias, base-rate neglect, "less is more" effects, affect biases, omission bias, myside bias, sunk-cost effect, and certainty effects that violate the axioms of expected utility theory. In a further experiment, the authors nonetheless showed that cognitive ability does correlate with the tendency to avoid some rational thinking biases, specifically the tendency to display denominator neglect, probability matching rather than maximizing, belief bias, and matching bias on the 4-card selection task. The authors present a framework for predicting when cognitive ability will and will not correlate with a rational thinking tendency.
2008-01-01T00:00:00ZMeditation acutely improves psychomotor vigilance, and may decrease sleep need
https://evidence.thinkportal.org/handle/123456789/31560
Meditation acutely improves psychomotor vigilance, and may decrease sleep need
Kaul, P
Background
A number of benefits from meditation have been claimed by those who practice various traditions, but few have been well tested in scientifically controlled studies. Among these claims are improved performance and decreased sleep need. Therefore, in these studies we assess whether meditation leads to an immediate performance improvement on a well validated psychomotor vigilance task (PVT), and second, whether longer bouts of meditation may alter sleep need.
Methods
The primary study assessed PVT reaction times before and after 40 minute periods of mediation, nap, or a control activity using a within subject cross-over design.
This study utilized novice meditators who were current university students (n = 10). Novice meditators completed 40 minutes of meditation, nap, or control activities on six different days (two separate days for each condition), plus one night of total sleep deprivation on a different night, followed by 40 minutes of meditation.
A second study examined sleep times in long term experienced meditators (n = 7) vs. non-meditators (n = 23). Experienced meditators and controls were age and sex matched and living in the Delhi region of India at the time of the study. Both groups continued their normal activities while monitoring their sleep and meditation times.
Results
Novice meditators were tested on the PVT before each activity, 10 minutes after each activity and one hour later. All ten novice meditators improved their PVT reaction times immediately following periods of meditation, and all but one got worse immediately following naps. Sleep deprivation produced a slower baseline reaction time (RT) on the PVT that still improved significantly following a period of meditation. In experiments with long-term experienced meditators, sleep duration was measured using both sleep journals and actigraphy. Sleep duration in these subjects was lower than control non-meditators and general population norms, with no apparent decrements in PVT scores.
Conclusions
These results suggest that meditation provides at least a short-term performance improvement even in novice meditators. In long term meditators, multiple hours spent in meditation are associated with a significant decrease in total sleep time when compared with age and sex matched controls who did not meditate. Whether meditation can actually replace a portion of sleep or pay-off sleep debt is under further investigation.
2010-01-01T00:00:00ZVictims of Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes
https://evidence.thinkportal.org/handle/123456789/31559
Victims of Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes
Janis, I
Defines "groupthink" as a psychological drive for consensus at any cost that suppresses dissent and appraisal of alternatives in cohesive decision making groups. A group dynamics approach to explain aspects of American foreign policy decision making is used, and suggestions for preventing "groupthink" are presented.
1972-01-01T00:00:00Z